parasitic on fish

Disease is defined as a physical state, morphology and / or functions that are experiencing a change from the normal condition due to several causes and is divided into 2 groups: the cause of the (internal) and outside (external).

Internal disease include genetic, internal secretion, imunodefesiensi, nervous and metabolic. While external diseases include disease pathogens (parasites, fungi, bacteria, viruses) and non-pathogenic (environment and nutrition).

Parasitic disease is one infectious disease that often affects mainly fish hatchery operations. Of parasites can cause terganggunnya growth, death and even decline in fish production. Various parasitic organisms ranging from protozoa, crusstacea and annelids.
In open water, there are various kinds of parasites with a wide variation but the numbers a bit. While in the activities of cultivation, there are parasites. With a little variation but numerous.
Generally, each parasite has a complex life cycle, which likely are important in the treatment of the affected fish parasites. Study of the parasite's life cycle is important to determine remedial action is complete. Tests of infection with the parasite is generally difficult because the parasite is difficult incubated or reared on artificial media.

Host
In its life cycle, parasites require a host. Some of the host as a place to live / breed parasites include:
1. Definite host: host, where parasites live to adulthood (ex: Cestoda)
2. Intermediate host; Host, where the parasites live up to the stage larvae (digenea)
3. Tempory host: Inag, where the parasite life briefly, then leave the host (isopoda)
4. Reservoir hosts: Host as a source of parasites to other hosts (cyste digenea)

FACTORS - FACTORS facilitate EMERGENCE PARASITES

      Several factors facilitate the emergence of parasites: These factors include:
1. Stocking density: The density of high stocking density, direct contacts and the presence of host
2. Physical trauma: handling, grading can cause injury
3. Water Swimming: poor water quality
4. Selective breeding: Selection in mencarai good color and shape can lead to weak.
5. Environment: temperature changes
6. Predator; could be a host of transmitting
7. System cultivation: land pond is in part a medium for the parasite's life cycle
8. New Species: The entry of new species of fish that could lead to the entry of new parasites'

KLASSIFIKASI PARASITES:

1. Protozoa
2. Abundant metazoan:
· Trematoda
- Monogenea
- Digenea
· Platyhelmintes
- Acanthocepala
- Nematodes
- Cestoda
· Crustaceae
· Mollusca

PARASITIC INFECTION BY PLACE:
1. Ectoparasites
Infects the outer organs (skin, fins and gills)
2. Entoparasit
Infect the internal organs

DETECTION OF PARASITES

A. Handling sick fish
Fish life is used for the diagnosis of parasi because external parasites, especially parasites will leave its host when the host dies. If pengamtan in the field with a microscope can not be done, the fish can be fixed in 10% formalin solution berpenyangga phosphate, but the outcome is less satisfactory because the parasites were fixed part can not show movement.

B. DIAGNOSIS TECHNIQUE PARASITES
The steps in the detection of parasites using a microscope;
1. Take the cover glass denagan body mucus
2. Cut small pieces with scissors gill
3. Place the mucus or gills with a drop of distilled water on a slide glass, then cover with glass cover (cover glass)
4. Do not have bubbles on glass slides
5. Observe under a microscope (magnification 4-400x)

            SOME TYPES OF PARASITES WITH clinical symptoms:

1. Trichodiniasis
The organism causes: Trichodina sp, type of protozoa
- The disease attacks the freshwater fish species, especially in seed size
- Diagnosis: using a microscope
- Shape like a flying saucer

Clinical symptoms:
- There was damage to the skin, fins and secondary infection,
- Some infections cause damage to the fin on Many diagnostic section and bleeding at the base of the fin

2. Ichtyophtiriasis
Causing organisms; Ichtyopthirius multifilis, types of protozoa
- These parasites can invade freshwater fish species, especially in seed size and attack the body surface and gill orgtan
- Known by the term "white spots" (white spots)
- Diagnosis: using a microscope

Clinical symptoms:
- In the infected fish have white spots on the surface of the body and fins
- Decreased appetite

3. Chilodinellasis
The organism causes: Chilodonella sp, type of protozoa
- The disease attacks all species of freshwater fish, especially on the body surface and gills and cause irritation to the organ attacked
- Diagnosis: using a microscope

Clinical symptoms:
- No specific clinical symptoms
- Fish limp and did not want to eat
- Excessive mucus
- Bleeding and damage to the gills

4.Infeksi Argulus
The organism causes: Argulus japonicus, type of copepods
- The disease attacks the fish by damaging the surface of the body and can cause secondary infections by bacteria
- Diagnosis: Observations can be directly with the naked eye

Clinical symptoms:
- There was an irritation on the body surface
- Excessive mucus
- Swimming abnormal

5. Glochidia infection
The organism causes: glochidia, clam larvae of freshwater species
- These parasites can cause mass death
- Diagnosis: Observations with the naked eye looks a white blob on the surface of the body
Clinical symptoms:
- The white lumps on the body surface

6.Infeksi anchor worm
The organism causes: Lernaea cyprinaceae, type of copepods
- His infection can cause secondary infection of bacteria or fungus that ultimately caused the death of fish

Clinical symptoms:
- There is a worm with a length of 3-12 mm anchor on the surface
- Diagnosis: Pengamtan can directly with the naked eye

7.Infeksi Dactylogyrus
The organism causes: Dactylogyrus spp, type monogenea
- When the intensive parasite attack, then the fish will lose their appetite and become emaciated
- Diagnosis: using a microscope

Clinical symptoms:
- Overview berenag near the surface of water, loss of appetite

8.Infeksi Oodinium
The organism causes: Oodinium sp, type of protozoa
- Infection with this parasite can cause mass death if appropriate treatment is not done
- Diagnosis: Using a microscope

Clinical symptoms:
- Fish looked thin and swim near the surface of the water.
- The infection causes erosion on the surface of the body

9. Infection of Tetrahymena
The organism causes: Tetrahymena sp, type of protozoa
- Especially attacking ornamental fish, guppy
- Diagnosis: Using a microscope

Clinical symptoms:
- Fish that are infected with seemingly the white patches on the body surface
- Bleeding in the infected area
- Bone protrusions